DC Conductivity of Dry Hair
|
Test Voltage
Hair Sample
|
100
Volts DC |
500
Volts DC |
1,000
Volts DC |
2,000
Volts DC |
5,000
Volts DC |
No Hair
(Open Circuit) |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Subject A
Forearm |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Subject A
Scalp |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Subject B
Forearm |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Subject B
Scalp |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Reference
1.0 Megohm Resistor |
99.8 uA |
505 uA |
1050 uA |
N/A |
N/A |
DC Conductivity Measurement on pre-soaked hair (A)
|
Test Voltage
Hair Sample
|
100
Volts DC |
500
Volts DC |
1,000
Volts DC |
2,000
Volts DC |
5,000
Volts DC |
No Hair
(Open Circuit) |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Subject A
Forearm |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Subject A
Scalp |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Subject B
Forearm |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Subject B
Scalp |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Reference
1.0 Megohm Resistor |
100.4 uA |
508 uA |
1048 uA |
N/A |
N/A |
(Solution* soak for 30 minutes, 5 minute air dry)
[* Results were identical with all three test solutions]
DC Conductivity Measurement on pre-soaked hair (B)
|
Test Voltage
Hair Sample
|
100
Volts DC |
500
Volts DC |
1,000
Volts DC |
2,000
Volts DC |
5,000
Volts DC |
No Hair
(Open Circuit) |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Subject A
Forearm |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Subject A
Scalp |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Subject B
Forearm |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Subject B
Scalp |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.0 uA |
0.1 uA |
Reference
1.0 Megohm Resistor |
100.2 uA |
506 uA |
1048 uA |
N/A |
N/A |
(Solution* soak for 30 minutes, tissue dry)
[* Results were identical with all three test solutions]
AC Conductivity Measurement on dry hair (60 Hz)
|
Test Voltage
Hair Sample
|
100
Volts AC |
500
Volts AC |
1,000
Volts AC |
2,000
Volts AC |
5,000
Volts AC |
No Hair
(Open Circuit) |
4.6 uA |
11.2 uA |
19.4 uA |
36.8 uA |
86.2 uA |
Subject A
Forearm |
4.5 uA |
11.3 uA |
19.5 uA |
36.8 uA |
86.4 uA |
Subject A
Scalp |
4.6 uA |
11.2 uA |
19.4 uA |
36.9 uA |
86.3 uA |
Subject B
Forearm |
4.7 uA |
11.1 uA |
19.5 uA |
36.6 uA |
86.4 uA |
Subject B
Scalp |
4.6 uA |
11.3 uA |
19.4 uA |
36.7 uA |
86.3 uA |
(Measured AC Jig leakage with 0.1 uA resolution)
SUMMARY
As is readily apparent in the DC Conductivity measurements, there is
virtually no measurable current flow through dry or pre-soaked hair at
any of the voltage settings from 100 DCV to 5000 DCV. This suggests that
hair has extremely high electrical resistance and does not appear to conduct
DC current even under very high voltage potentials.
The AC voltage tests yielded similar results, with only the inherent AC
(60 Hz) leakage of the test jig being measured during tests with dry hair.
Based on these tests, we can conclude that it is not possible for untreated
hair to pass measurable DC current above 0.1 microamperes, even after it has been pre-soaked in the various test solutions. The effects of sub-microampere DC currents (less than 0.1uA)
on the hair follicle have not been investigated, but it is unlikely that such small currents would have any effect on the papilla or hair growth cells. In practical needle-type electrolysis,
the lowest DC currents generally used are typically around 0.1 milliamperes (1000 times higher) and are sometimes applied using the multiple needle technique. At this level of current, treatment times
ranging from 2 to 4 minutes per hair are not uncommon, often necessitating the use of multiple needles simultaneously.
Soaking or coating the hair shaft with an electrolyte can, of course,
provide a conductive path along the outside surface of the hair,
but studies 1 indicate that such applied current would likely dissipate through the skin at the follicle opening and not penetrate fully to the papilla. Any test of hair conductivity must eliminate the effects of possible current flow along the hair surface through a conductive coating.
VALIDATION
To verify the test measurements of dry and pre-soaked hairs, resistivity values for alpha-keratin (wool, hair and related fibers) were obtained from scientific references 2,3
evaluating conductivity and other properties of keratin:
|
"The conductivity requires a continuous hydrogen bonded network
of water molecules and it is the sensitivity to the number of
protonic pathways throughout this network that results in an
increase of electrical resistivity of wool fibers [alpha-keratin]
at 25 degrees C from 6 x 106 ohm-cm at 25% water content to
3 x 1012 ohm-cm at 7% water content based on the mass of
dry keratin."
|
Assuming that human hair exhibits the same resistivity as the wool fibers mentioned in
the references (which has been confirmed by the author), the actual resistance of a
hair having 25% water content can be calculated using the following formula:
R(resistance) = P(resistivity) x L(Length) / A(Area)
Using a typical hair diameter of .003 inches (.0076 cm) over the test length of 1/4 inch (.635 cm) yields:
R(resistance) = 6 x 106 ohm-cm x (.635 cm / .000046 cm2)
R(resistance) = 82.8 x 109 ohms
Taking this result and using Ohm's law to solve for current (I = E / R) at
a potential of 5000 volts (the maximum test potential) would yield .0604 microamperes.
This is below the threshold of 0.1 microampere resolution of the DC microammeter used in the tests, thus validating the results for pre-soaked hair. (Dry hairs, of course, would yield even lower current flow based on the published resistivity values.)
For further confirmation, R.A. Fischer Company contacted the author of the references on alpha-keratin properties, Max Feughelman, DSc, ASTC, FAIP.
Dr. Feughelman is considered an authority in the
field of keratin research, is Emeritus Professor at the University of New South
Wales, and currently director of Fibrous Keratin Consultants in
NSW, Australia.
Dr. Feughelman agreed to review the hair conductivity test protocol as
well as our calculations of nominal hair fiber resistance (detailed above) and issued the
following endorsement:
|
"All the calculations made by R.A. Fischer Co. Inc. have been
checked by me and I find them correct. I have read through
the Human Hair Conductivity Tests by the laboratories
R.A. Fischer Co. Inc. and commend their thoroughness.
As expected the tests show no measurable current at the
microamp level. The only way to obtain any significant current
flow would be to apply to the hair fibre some kind of conducting
electrolyte in the form of possibly a gel to obtain sufficient
conduction on each hair fibre."
|
Dr. Feughelman described keratin as a form of
protonic semiconductor (as opposed to an electronic semiconductor) and that the indicated
water content of a hair fiber is not liquid water, but at best a hydrogen
bonded network of H2O molecules. He stated that "hair is an
excellent insulator" and such water content in the hair would not conduct
measurable current. He further confirmed that the application of a gel or conductive solution would
form a coating on the hair surface through which current might flow, not
through the hair fiber itself.
Readers interested in learning more about the physical properties or anatomy of hair as well as various
methods of permanent and temporary hair removal may wish to consult some of the references listed below.
REFERENCES
(1) James Schuster, MD, Electrolysis Research Inc. - "My experiments with electrolyte treated
hairs demonstrated that a very small current can be conducted over the hair surface through the
electrolyte coating, not the hair fiber itself. In addition, such current would readily diffuse upon
contact with the follicle walls past the infundibulum and little, if any, would reach the papilla."
(2) "Mechanical Properties and Structure of Alpha-Keratin Fibres: Wool, Human Hair, and Related Fibres", Max Feughelman, DSc, University of New South Wales Press, 1st Edition, 1997
(3) Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, Vol. 33, December, 1982
(4) An excellent resource on hair anatomy and various methods of hair removal is "Cosmetic and Medical Electrolysis and Temporary Hair Removal", by R.N. Richards, MD and G.E. Meharg, RN, Medric Ltd., 2nd Edition, 1997
(5) Electroepilation in Hirsutism; J. Amer. Acad. Derm.; Richards, McKenzie, &
Meharg; 1986 15:693-697
(6) Electrolysis and Thermolysis for Permanent Hair Removal; J. Amer. Acad.
Derm.; Wagner, Tomich, & Grande; 1985 12:441-449
(7) Permanent Removal of Superfluous Hair; Texas Medicine; Chernosky; 1971
67:72-78
Return
Copyright © 1998 R.A. Fischer Co., Inc.
May not be reproduced or distributed without permission
|